Indawo kunye nobude betonela zikhethwa ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho yendlela, indawo, iimeko zejoloji, kunye nezinye izinto.Iinketho ezininzi kufuneka zithelekiswe kukhetho lwendlela.Ukumiselwa kweetonela ezincedisayo kunye nokungenisa umoya osebenzayo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kwiitonela ezide.Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokungena kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimeko ze-geological.Qwalasela ukuzinza kwamathambeka kunye nethambeka lokunyuka ukuphepha ukudilika.
I-longitudinal slope yoyilo lwecandelo le-longitudinal ecaleni kombindi wetonela kufuneka ihambelane ne-slope yokunciphisa uyilo lomgca.Ngenxa yomswakama ophezulu ngaphakathi kwetonela, i-coefficient yokubambelela phakathi kwevili kunye nomzila wesitimela uyancipha, kwaye ukuchasana komoya wesitimela kwanda.Ngoko ke, i-longitudinal slope kufuneka incitshiswe kwiitonela ezinde.Ubume bethambeka le-longitudinal ubukhulu becala lithambeka elinye kunye ne-herringbone slope.I-slope enye inceda ekufezekiseni ukuphakama, ngelixa i-herringbone slope ilungele ukwakhiwa kwamanzi kunye nokususwa kwenkunkuma.Ukuququzelela ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, i-longitudinal slope encinci ngokuqhelekileyo yi-2 ‰ ukuya ku-3 ‰.
Uyilo olunqamlezileyo lwetonela lubhekiselele kumda ongaphakathi womgca, owenziwe ngokusekwe kwimida yesakhiwo setonela esingaphazamisiyo.Ukucocwa kokwakhiwa kweetonela zaseTshayina zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: icandelo lokutsalwa komphunga kunye nedizili kunye necandelo lokutsalwa kombane kaloliwe, ngalinye liphinde lahlulwe libe licandelo lomgca omnye kunye necandelo lelayini ephindwe kabini.I-contour yangaphakathi ye-lining ngokuqhelekileyo iqulunqwe ngee-arches ezenziwe ngesangqa esinye okanye ezintathu eziziko kunye neendonga ezithe tye okanye ezigobileyo.Yongeza i-arch eyongezelelweyo kwi-geological soft zone.Ummandla wangaphakathi wecontour ngaphezu komphezulu womzila wetonela enye imalunga ne-27-32 square metres, kwaye leyo yetonela ephindwe kabini imalunga ne-58-67 square metres.Kwiziqendu ezigobileyo, ngenxa yezinto ezinjengokuthambekela kwezithuthi eziphakamileyo zomzila wangaphandle, i-cross-section kufuneka yandiswe ngokufanelekileyo.Ukuphakama kwe-contour yangaphakathi yeetonela zombane zombane kufuneka kwandiswe ngenxa yokunqunyanyiswa kwamanethiwekhi oqhagamshelwano kunye nezinye izinto.Imilinganiselo yecontour esetyenziswa eTshayina, eUnited States, naseSoviet Union zezi: itonela yengoma enye enobude obumalunga ne-6.6-7.0 yeemitha kunye nobubanzi obumalunga ne-4.9-5.6 yeemitha;Ukuphakama kwetonela ephindwe kabini imalunga ne-7.2-8.0 yeemitha, kwaye ububanzi bumalunga ne-8.8-10.6 yeemitha.Xa kusakhiwa iitonela ezimbini zomzila omnye kumzila kaloliwe ophindwe kabini, umgama phakathi kweendlela kufuneka uqwalasele impembelelo yokusasazwa koxinzelelo lwejoloji.Itonela yamatye imalunga neemitha ezingama-20-25 ubude, kwaye itonela yomhlaba kufuneka yandiswe ngokufanelekileyo.
Kukho iindidi ezine zamatonela ancedisayo ekuyilweni kweetonela ezincedisayo: i-shafts ethambekele, i-shafts ethe nkqo, itonela yokulinga ehambelanayo, kunye neetonela ezinqamlezileyo.I-shaft ethambekileyo yitonela eyombiwa kwindawo efanelekileyo entabeni kufutshane nomgca osembindini kwaye ityekele kwitonela elikhulu.I-engile yokuthambekela kwe-shaft echongekileyo iphakathi kwe-18 ° kunye ne-27 °, kwaye iphakanyiswe yi-winch.I-cross-section of the shaft inclined generally rectangular, kunye nommandla omalunga ne-8-14 square metres.I-shaft ethe nkqo yitonela eyembiwe ngokuthe nkqo kufutshane nombindi wentaba, ekhokelela kwitonela elikhulu.Indawo yayo yendiza ingaba kumbindi kaloliwe okanye kwelinye icala lendawo ephakathi (malunga neemitha ezingama-20 ukusuka kumbindi).I-cross-section of the vertical shaft is most circular, kunye ne-diameter yangaphakathi malunga ne-4.5-6.0 yeemitha.Iitonela zokulinga ezinxuseneyo ziitonela ezincinci ezinxuseneyo ezigrunjwe i-17-25 yeemitha ukusuka kumbindi wetonela, eziqhagamshelwe kwitonela ngemijelo ejiyileyo, kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njengeetonela zokulinga ukwandiswa kwexesha elizayo kumgca wesibini.Ukusukela ekwakhiweni kweTonela kaLoliwe yaseLiangfengya kuloliwe waseSichuan Guizhou ngo-1957 e-China, malunga ne-80% yeetonela ezingama-58 ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezi-3 ubude ziye zakhiwa ngeetonela zokulinga ezihambelanayo.IHengdong yindawo encinci yetonela evulwe kwindawo efanelekileyo kwicala lentlambo kufutshane netonela lentaba.
Ukongeza, uyilo lwetonela lukwabandakanya uyilo lomnyango, iindlela zokumba, kunye nokukhethwa kweentlobo zelinen.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-06-2024
